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HLT 362V Complete Course New Version
HLT362V
HLT 362V Module 1 Mean Variance Standard Deviation
Please type you answer in the cell beside the question.
1. Identify the sampling technique being used. Every 20th patient
that comes into the emergency room is given a satisfaction survey upon their
discharge.
a. random sampling
b. cluster sampling
c. systematic sampling
d. stratified sampling
e. none of the above
2. The formula for finding the sample mean is ______________.
3. The formula for finding sample standard deviation is
________________.
HLT 362V Module 1 Exercise 16 Done
1- The researchers analyzed the data they collected as though it
were at what level of measurement? (Your choices are: Nominal, Ordinal,
Interval/ratio, or Experimental)
2- What was the mean posttest empowerment score for the control
group?
3- Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the
experimental group. Was this an expected finding? Provide a rationale for your
answer.
4- Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the
control group. Do these scores strengthen or weaken the validity of the
research results? Provide a rationale for your answer.
5- Which group’s test scores had the least amount of variability
or dispersion? Provide a rationale for your answer.
6 – Did the empowerment variable or self-care self-efficacy
variable demonstrate the greatest amount of dispersion? Provide a rationale for
your answer.
7 – The mean (X ̅)
is a measure of a distribution while the SD is a measure of its scores. Both X ̅ and SD are statistics.
8 – What was the mean severity for renal disease for the research
subjects? What was the dispersion or variability of the renal disease severity
scores? Did the severity scores vary significantly between the control and the
experimental groups? Is this important? Provide a rationale for your answer.
9 – Which variable was least affected by the empowerment program?
Provide a rationale for your answer.
10 – Was it important for the researchers to include the total
means and SDs for the study variables in Table 2 to promote the readers’
understanding of the study results? Provide a rationale for your answer.
HLT 362V M2 Population Sampling Distribution
For a normal distribution that has a mean of 100 and a standard
deviation of 8. Determine the Z-score for each of the following X values:
X = 108
X = 112
X = 98
X = 70
X = 124
Use the information in 1 A to determine the area or probability of
the following:
P(x > 108)
P(x
HLT 362V Week 2 Module 2 Exercise 29
1. Assuming that the distribution is normal for weight relative to
the ideal and 99% of the male participants scored between (-53.68, 64.64),
where did 95% of the values for weight relative to the ideal lie? Round your
answer to two decimal places.
2. Which of the following values from Table 1 tells us about
variability of the scores in a distribution?
3. Assuming that the distribution for General Health Perceptions
is normal, 95% of the females’ scores around the mean were between what values?
Round your answer to two decimal places.
4. Assuming that the distribution of scores for Pain is normal,
95% of the men’s scores around the mean were between what two values? Round
your answer to two decimal places.
5. Were the body image scores significantly different for women
versus men? Provide a rationale for your answer.
6. Assuming that the distribution of Mental Health scores for men
is normal, where are 99% of the men’s mental health scores around the mean in
this distribution? Round your answer to two decimal places.
7. Assuming that the distribution of scores for Physical
Functioning in women is normal, where are 99% of the women’s scores around the
mean in this distribution? Round your answer to two decimal places.
8. Assuming that the distribution of scores is normal, 99% of
HIV-positive body image scores around the mean were between what two values?
Round your answer to two decimal places.
99% of HIV-positive body image scores for males were between
(24.14, 111.86):
9. Assuming that the distribution of scores for Role Functioning
is normal, 99% of the men’s scores around the mean were between what values?
Round your answer to two decimal places.
10. What are some limitations of this study that decrease the
potential for generalizing the findings to the target population?
HLT 362V Module 3 Hypothesis Testing Week 3
Problem 1
1. There is a new drug that is used to treat leukemia. The
following data represents the remission time in weeks for a random sample of 21
patients using the drug.
Problem 2
2. We wish to test the claim that the mean body mass index (BMI)
of men is equal to the mean BMI of women. Use the data to the right to test
this claim.
HLT 362V Module 3 Exercise 31
What are the two groups whose results are reflected by the t
ratios in Tables 2 and 3?
Which t ratio in Table 2 represents the greatest relative or
standardized difference between the pretest and 3 months outcomes? Is this t
ratio statistically significant? Provide a rationale for your answer.
Which t ratio listed in Table 3 represents the smallest relative
difference between the pretest and 3 months? Is this t ratio statistically
significant? What does this result mean?
What are the assumptions for conducting a t-test for dependent
groups in a study? Which of these assumptions do you think were met by this
study?
Compare the 3 months and 6 months t ratios for the variable
Exercise from Table 3. What is your conclusion about the long-term effect of
the health-promotion intervention on Exercise in this study?
What is the smallest, significant t ratio listed in Table 2?
Provide a rationale for your answer.
Why are the larger t ratios more likely to be statistically
significant?
Did the health-promotion program have a statistically significant
effect on Systolic blood pressure (BP) in this study? Provide a rationale for
your answer.
Examine the means and standard deviations for Systolic BP at
pretest, 3 months (completion of the treatment), and 6 months. What do these
results indicate? Are these results clinically important? Provide a rationale
for your answer.
Is this study design strong or weak? Provide a rationale for your
answer.
Would you, as a health care provider, implement this intervention
at your facility based on the Total Risk Score results? Provide a rationale for
your answer.
HLT 362V Module 4 ANOVA Excel Worksheet
SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE IN DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS
The following table contains a random sample of 40 women
partitioned into three groups:
Group 1: ages below 20
Group 2: ages 20 through 40
Group 3: ages over 40
The values in the table are the systolic blood pressure levels
The hypothesis test:
H0:u1=u2=u3
H1: at least one of the treatment means is different
Use the Excel Analysis ToolPak to create an Anova – Single Factor
table. Is there sufficient evidence to support the claim that women in the
different age categories have different mean blood pressure levels? Give
reasons for your decision.
HLT 362V Module 4 Exercise 36
The researchers found a significant difference between the two
groups (control and treatment) for change in mobility of the women with
osteoarthritis (OA) over 12 weeks with the results of F(1, 22) 9.619, p 0.005.
Discuss each aspect of these results.
State the null hypothesis for the Baird and Sands (2004) study
that focuses on the effect of the GI with PMR treatment on patients’ mobility
level. Should the null hypothesis be rejected for the difference between the
two groups in change in mobility scores over 12 weeks? Provide a rationale for
your answer.
The researchers stated that the participants in the intervention
group reported a reduction in mobility difficulty at week 12. Was this result
statistically significant, and if so at what probability?
If the researchers had set the level of significance or = 0.01,
would the results of p 0.001 still be statistically significant? Provide a
rationale for your answer.
If F(3, 60) 4.13, p 0.04, and = 0.01, is the result statistically
significant? Provide a rationale for your answer. Would the null hypothesis be
accepted or rejected?
Can ANOVA be used to test proposed relationships or predicted
correlations between variables in a single group? Provide a rationale for your
answer.
If a study had a result of F(2, 147) 4.56, p 0.003, how many
groups were in the study, and what was the sample size?
The researchers state that the sample for their study was 28 women
with a diagnosis of OA, and that 18 were randomly assigned to the intervention
group and 10 were randomly assigned to the control group. Discuss the study
strengths and/or weaknesses in this statement.
In your opinion, have the researchers established that guided
imagery (GI) with progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) reduces pain and
decreases mobility difficulties in women with OA?
The researchers stated that this was a 12-week longitudinal,
randomized clinical trial pilot study with 28 women over 65 years of age with
the diagnosis of OA. What are some of the possible problems or limitations that
might occur with this type of study?
HLT 362V Module 5 Correlation Regression and Chi Square Excel
Worksheet
SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE OF FEMALES
The following table represents systolic and diastolic blood
pressure measurements of 40 females.
A) Use the Excel Analysis ToolPak to find the linear correlation
coefficient for the systolic and diastolic measurements.
B) Use the Excel Analysis ToolPak to determine the linear
regression equation that uses the systolic pressure to predict the diastolic
pressure.
C) What is the best predicted value for diastolic pressure given
that a woman has a systolic level of 100?
HLT 362V EXERCISE 11 Questions to be Graded
1. What demographic variables were measured at least at the
interval level of measurement?
2. What statistics were used to describe the length of labor in
this study? Were these appropriate?
3. What other statistic could have been used to describe the
length of labor? Provide a rationale for your answer.
4. Were the distributions of scores similar for the experimental
and control groups for the length of labor? Provide a rationale for your
answer.
5. Were the experimental and control groups similar in their type
of feeding? Provide a rationale for your answer.
6. What was the marital status mode for the subjects in the
experimental and control groups? Provide both the frequency and percentage for
the marital status mode for both groups.
7. Could a median be determined for the education data? If so,
what would the median be for education for the experimental and the control
groups? Provide a rationale for your answer.
8. Can the findings from this study be generalized to Black women?
Provide a rationale for your answer.
9. If there were 32 subjects in the experimental group and 36
subjects in the control group, why is the income data only reported for 30
subjects in the experimental group and 34 subjects in the control group?
10. Was the sample for this study adequately described? Provide a
rationale for your answer.
HLT 362V EXERCISE 18 Questions to be Graded
1. In comparing men and women, which group had higher body image
scores? Provide a rationale for your answer.
2. Men had higher variability in weight change over the last 12
months when compared to women. Is this statement true or false? Provide a
rationale for your answer.
3. What are the X_and SD values for men’s body weight ratio?
4. Assuming that the distribution of scores is normal, calculate
the scores where 95% of values around the mean lie for women with weight change
over the last 3 months. Round your answer to two decimal places.
5. Assuming that the distribution of body weight ratio is a normal
curve, 95% of the men lie between which two values of body weight ratio around
the mean? Round your answer to two decimal places.
6. Assuming that the distribution of womens’s body image scores is
normal, 99% of women’s body image scores around the mean lie between what two
values? Round your answer to two decimal places.
7. Assuming that the distribution is a normal curve, 99% of men
were between what ages? Round your answer to two decimal places.
8. Assuming that the distribution is a normal curve, 95% of men
were between what ages? Round your answer to two decimal places.
9. Did HIV-positive participants have signifi cantly higher body
image scores than those with AIDS? Provide a rationale for your response.
HLT 362V Exercise 20
1. Which patient scored the highest on the preoperative CVLT
Acquisition? What was his or her T score?
2. Which patient scored the lowest on postoperative CVLT
Retrieval? What was this patient’s T score?
3. Did the patient in Question 2 have more of a memory performance
decline than average on the CVLT Retrieval? Provide a rationale for your
answer.
4. What is the mean ( ) and standard deviation (SD) for
preoperative T score for CVLT Acquisition?
5. Is the preoperative Retrieval T score for Patient 5 above or
below the mean for the norm of the group? Provide a rationale for your answer.
6. Assuming that the distribution of the preoperative CVLT
Retrieval T scores is normal, the middle 68% of the patients had T scores
between what two values?
7. Assuming that the distribution of scores for the postoperative
CVLT Retrieval T scores is normal, the middle 68% of the patients had T scores
between what two values?
8. The researchers state that it appears that the functional
integrity of the left temporal lobe, despite evidence of structural
abnormality, plays a considerable role when it comes to memory outcomes
following left ATL. Can the findings from this study be generalized to a larger
population? Provide a rationale for your answer.
9. If a patient had a raw score = 30, what would his/her
postoperative CVLT Retrieval T score be?
10. Did patients demonstrate more postoperative memory declines
among CVLT Retrieval T scores than CVLT Acquisition T scores? Provide a
rationale for your answer.
HLT 362V EXERCISE 23 Questions to be Graded
1. What is the r value for the relationship between Hamstring
strength index 60°/s and the Shuttle run test? Is this r value significant?
Provide a rationale for your answer.
2. Consider r = 1.00 and r = -1.00. Which r value is stronger?
Provide a rationale for your answer.
3. Describe the direction of the relationship between the
Hamstring strength index 60°/s and the Shuttle run test.
4. Without using numbers, describe the relationship between the
Hamstring strength index 120°/s and the Triple hop index.
5. Which variable has the weakest relationship with the Quadriceps
strength index 120°/s? Provide a rationale for your answer.
6. Which of the following sets of variables has the strongest
relationship?
a. Hamstring strength index 120°/s and the Hop index
b. Quadriceps strength index 60°/s and the Carioca test
c. Quadriceps strength index 120°/s and the Side step test
d. Quadriceps strength index 60°/s and the Triple hop index
7. In Table 5, two r values are reported as r = -0.498 and r =
-0.528. Describe each r value in words, indicating which would be more
statistically significant, and provide a rationale for your answer.
8. The researchers stated that the study showed a positive,
significant correlation between Quadriceps strength indices and pre- and
postoperative functional stability. Considering the data presented in the Table
5, do you agree with their statement? Provide a rationale for your answer.
9. The researchers stated that no significant relationship could
be described between Hamstring strength indices 60°/s and functional
stability. Given the data in Table 5, explain why not.
10. Consider the relationship reported for the Quadriceps strength
index 120°/s and the Hop index (r = 0.744**, p = 0.000 ). What do these r and
p values indicate related to statistical significance and clinical importance?
HLT 362V EXERCISE 24 Questions to be Graded 80
1. What is the r value listed for the relationship between
variables 4 and 9?
2. Describe the correlation r = -0.32** using words. Is this a
statistically significant correlation? Provide a rationale for your answer.
3. Calculate the percentage of variance explained for r = 0.53. Is
this correlation clinically important? Provide a rationale for your answer.
4. According to Table 2, r = 0.15 is listed as the correlation
between which two items? Describe this relationship. What is the effect size
for this relationship, and what size sample would be needed to detect this
relationship in future studies?
5. Calculate the percentage of variance explained for r = 0.15.
Describe the clinical importance of this relationship.
6. Which two variables in Table 2, have the weakest correlation,
or r value? Which relationship is the closest to this r value? Provide a
rationale for your answer.
7. Is the correlation between LOT-R Total scores and
Avoidance-Distraction coping style statistically significant? Is this
relationship relevant to practice? Provide rationales for your answers.
8. Is the correlation between variables 9 and 4 significant? Is
this correlation relevant to practice? Provide a rationale for your answer.
9. Consider two values, r = 0.08 and r = -0.58. Describe them in
relationship to each other. Describe the clinical importance of both r values.
10. Examine the Pearson r values for LOT-R Total, which measured
Optimism with the Task and Emotion Coping Styles. What do these results
indicate? How might you use this information in your practice?
BONUS QUESTION
One of the study goals was to examine the relationship between
optimism and psychopathology. Using the data in Table 2, formulate an opinion
regarding the overall correlation between optimism and psychopathology. Provide
a rationale for your answer.
HLT 362V Week 1 Discussions Questions
How could graphics and/or statistics be used to misrepresent data?
Where have you seen this done?
What are the characteristics of a population for which a mean/median/mode would be appropriate?
What are the characteristics of a population for which a mean/median/mode would be appropriate?
HLT 362V Week 2 Discussions Questions
Explain the importance of random sampling. What
problems/limitations could prevent a truly random sampling and how can they be
prevented?
How large would your population have to be for a sample to be
appropriate (i.e., rather than measuring the whole population)?
HLT 362V Week 3 Discussions Questions
Suppose you hear an “old-timer” say, “Why, in my day, kids were
much more respectful and didn’t cause as much trouble as they do nowadays!”
Formulate a hypothesis related to this statement that you could test. How would
you test it?
Researchers routinely choose an α-level of 0.05 for testing their
hypotheses. What are some experiments for which you might want a lower α -level
(e.g. 0.01)? What are some situations in which you might accept a higher level
(e.g. 0.1)?
Explain when a z-test would be appropriate over a t-test.
Researchers routinely choose an alpha level of 0.05 for testing
their hypotheses. What are some experiments for which you might want a lower
alpha level (e.g., 0.01)? What are some situations in which you might accept a
higher level (e.g., 0.1)?
HLT 362V Week 4 Discussions Questions
How would you explain the analysis of variance, assuming that your
audience has not had a statistics class before?
What is an interaction? Describe an example; what are the
variables within your population (work, social, academic, etc.) for which you
might expect interactions?
HLT 362V Week 5 Discussions Questions
Now that you are familiar with the basic concepts of statistics,
what are some examples of when you have seen or heard statistics used
inappropriately?
Describe the error in the conclusion. Given: There is a linear
correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked and the pulse rate. As the
number of cigarettes increases the pulse rate increases. Conclusion: Cigarettes
cause the pulse rate to increase.
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