GED 216 Sociology Unit Exam 3
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1. Edwin Lemert described “primary
deviance” as
a. the most serious episodes of deviance.
b. actions that parents define as deviant.
c. a passing episode of deviance that has
little effect on the person’s self-concept.
d. the experience of deviance early in
life.
2. His friends begin to criticize Marco as
a “juice-head,” pushing him out of their social circle. Marco begins to drink
even more, becomes bitter, and joins a new group of friends who also are heavy
drinkers. According to Lemert, Marco’s situation illustrates
a. the onset of primary deviance.
b. the onset of secondary deviance.
c. the formation of a deviant subculture.
d. the onset of retreatism.
3. What concept did Erving Goffman use to
refer to a powerful and negative label that greatly changes a person’s self-concept
and social identity?
a. a deviant ritual
b. a degradation ceremony
c. a secondary identity
d. stigma
4. The concept “retrospective labeling”
refers to the process of
a. interpreting someone’s past consistent
with present deviance.
b. defining someone as deviant for things
done long before.
c. criminal adults encouraging their
children to become deviant.
d. predicting someone’s future based on
past deviant acts.
5. Thomas Szasz made the controversial
assertion that
a. deviance is only what people label as
deviant.
b. most people in the United States will
become insane for some period during their lives.
c. mental illness is a myth so that
“insanity” is only “differences” that bother other people.
d. our society does not do nearly enough to
treat the mentally ill.
6. An example of the “medicalization of
deviance” is
a. theft being redefined as a “compulsive
stealing.”
b. drinking too much being redefined as a
personal failing.
c. promiscuity being redefined as a moral
failing.
d. when people steal drugs to
self-medicate.
7. Whether people respond to deviance as a
moral issue or a medical matter affects
a. whether a person is labeled
retrospectively or protectively.
b. whether the person is subject to
punishment or treatment.
c. whether the person’s deviance is labeled
as primary or secondary.
d. whether or not the person gets the
appropriate care.
8. Edwin Sutherland’s differential
association theory links deviance to
a. how labeling someone as deviant can
increase the deviant behavior.
b. the amount of contact a person has with
others who encourage or discourage conventional behavior.
c. how well a person can contain deviant
impulses.
d. how others respond to the race,
ethnicity, gender, and class of the individual.
9. Travis Hirschi’s control theory suggests
that the category of people most likely to engage in deviance is
a. students enrolled in college.
b. teenagers on sports teams with
after-school jobs.
c. youngsters who “hang out” waiting for
something to happen.
d. young people with respect for their
parents.
10. According to the social-conflict
approach, what a society labels as deviant is based primarily on
a. how often the act occurs.
b. the moral foundation of the culture.
c. how harmful the act is to the public as
a whole.
d. differences in power between various
categories of people.
11. Alexander Liazos speaks for the
social-conflict approach when he states that
a. powerless people are at the highest risk
of being defined as deviant.
b. deviance has both functions and
dysfunctions.
c. deviance exists only in the eye of the
beholder.
d. society should ignore victimless crime.
12. Using
a Marxist approach, Steven Spitzer claims that prime targets for deviant
labeling include
a. people who try to take the property of others.
b. people who work hard but are poor.
c. perpetrators of white-collar crime.
d. people who have social power.
13. Crime committed by persons of high
social position during the course of their occupations is called
a. victimless crime.
b. white-collar crime.
c. organized crime.
d. street crime.
14. Edwin Sutherland stated that
white-collar crime
a. almost always leads to a criminal
conviction.
b. provokes a strong response from the
community.
c. is usually resolved in a civil rather
than a criminal court.
d. rarely involves serious harm to the
public as a whole.
15. _________ refers to the illegal actions
of a corporation or people acting on its behalf.
a. Corporate crime
b. Organized crime
c. Victimless crime
d. Secondary deviance
16. Organized crime refers to
a. illegal actions by people with
white-collar jobs.
b. illegal actions on the part of a
corporation or large business.
c. crime involving the cooperation of two
or more businesses.
d. any business that supplies illegal goods
or services.
17. A hate crime is defined as
a. any crime against a person who is a
minority.
b. any crime involving anger or other
powerful emotion.
c. a criminal act motivated by race or
other bias.
d. any violation of antidiscrimination
laws.
18.
Feminist theory states that
gender figures into the study of deviance because
a. women account for most of the arrests
for serious crimes in the United States.
b. every society in the world applies
stronger normative controls to females than to males.
c. most researchers in this area are women.
d. women are more likely than men to commit
a serious crime.
19. Women commit
a. far more crimes than men.
b. far fewer crimes than men.
c. the same number of crimes as men.
d. more property crimes than men, but men
commit more violent crimes.
20. In legal terms, a crime is composed of
which two components?
a. the act and criminal intent
b. a criminal and a victim
c. the act and the social harm
d. the law and the violation
21. “Crimes against the person” includes all
but
a. murder.
b. aggravated assault.
c. burglary.
d. forcible rape.
22. Mike reports the theft of his dirt bike
from the front yard of his house. The police would record this as which type of
crime?
a. burglary
b. larceny-theft
c. robbery
d. auto-theft
23. Prostitution is widely regarded as a
a. crime against the person.
b. crime against property.
c. victimless crime.
d. corporate crime.
24.
Criminal statistics gathered by
the Federal Bureau of Investigation reflect
a. all crimes that take place.
b. offenses cleared by arrest.
c. offenses resulting in a criminal
conviction.
d. offenses known to the police.
25. Victimization surveys show that the
actual amount of crime in the United States is about _____ what official
reports indicate.
a. half as great as
b. the same as
c. more than twice as high as
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