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Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for Nurse Educators
Discussion Questions week 1-8
Week
1:
Question
1=
Find
an article on a genetic disorder and summarize in two or three paragraphs the
genetic component causing the disorder and any multifactorial inheritance
components that may contribute to the disorder. Discuss the usual age of
disease onset and if the sex-specific threshold model fits the disorder. What
education could you present to high-risk patients to reduce the risk of disease
onset if a multifactorial component exists?
Question
2=
Genetic
screening has become widely available to the public including prenatal
screening of the fetus in utero to screening adults for genetic disorders, such
as Parkinson's disease and breast cancer. Share your thoughts on the legal,
ethical, and social implications that may be related to genetic screening. How
would you educate your patient that is considering having genetic screening?
Week
2:
Question
1=
Choose
an FDA-approved prescription medication and discuss the pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of the medication, including any differences that would be
expected based on the patient's age, a condition of pregnancy, or lactation.
Address any adverse effects the medication may have based on age, pregnancy, or
lactation.
Question
2=
Active
acquired immunity can be achieved through the use of childhood immunizations.
Many parents voice concerns regarding the safety of vaccinations. What is your
opinion on the current use of vaccinations? How would you educate parents
regarding the safety and effectiveness of vaccinations? Defend your answers
with evidence-based research.
Week
3:
Question
1=
Share
a case study of an electrolyte imbalance from your practice or from the
literature. Summarize the case study in 1-2 paragraphs. Then discuss the
clinical manifestations of the imbalance, the pathophysiology behind the
imbalance, normal cell membrane transport of the electrolyte(s), and any
alterations in cell membrane transport caused by the imbalance. How was the
electrolyte imbalance resolved? Analyze the case study to determine any areas
in which patient or staff education may have helped to prevent the electrolyte
imbalance.
Use
at least three scholarly, peer-reviewed resources less than 5 years old in
addition to course materials
Question
2=
A
widespread belief is that caffeine has a diuretic effect when consumed and will
induce dehydration if used by athletes or those who perform strenuous exercise.
Discuss the pathophysiology behind this belief. Share your thoughts on whether
you agree or disagree that caffeine can induce dehydration. Support your answer
with evidence-based literature.
Week
4:
Question
1=
Compare
and contrast the pathophysiology between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
(COPD) and pneumococcal pneumonia. Include any types of cellular injury or
cellular adaptation that may occur. Evaluate if an inflammatory response is
present and discuss the impact of that response. In the case of COPD, discuss
the type of patient education you would implement to help with the patient's
understanding of the disease and to improve compliance with a treatment plan.
Question
2=
Find
an evidence-based journal article on cystic fibrosis and summarize the article
in one or two paragraphs. Address why you chose the article and how you might
use the findings in your current or future practice setting.
Week
5:
Question
1=
Atherosclerosis
is a common disorder of the arteries. A modifiable risk factor for the
development of atherosclerosis is hypertension. Discuss the pathophysiology of
both disorders and the mechanisms by which hypertension contributes to
atherosclerosis. Discuss the current medications used to treat both disorders
and the pharmacologic actions the medications have in altering the
pathophysiology. How can you use this information in your current or future
practice setting?
Question
2=
Share
a case from your personal practice or from the literature in which alternative
therapies were used to facilitate the management of acute or chronic
cardiovascular conditions.
Week
6:
Question
1=
Find
an article on an inflammatory condition of the lower genitourinary tract.
Summarize the article in one or two paragraphs. Discuss the pathophysiology of
the condition, the pharmacologic agent(s) used to treat the condition, and how
the agent(s) alter the pathophysiology. Discuss the role of the nurse educator
related to patient education of the reported condition and treatment.
Respond
to another student's posting on an inflammatory condition that is different
from the condition you posted, comparing and contrasting the differences
between the conditions.
Question
2=
Infertility
is considered a disease process of the reproductive tract. Find an article on an alteration of the
genital tract that can lead to infertility.
Summarize the article in two or three paragraphs. Discuss any potential
treatments. What is the potential
psychosocial impact for the patient with the condition?
Week
7:
Question
1=
Review the
following case study:
Chief
Complaint:
A
23-year-old woman presents with complaints of muscle weakness in the face.
History:
The
patient is a 23-year-old administrative assistant who complains of intermittent
muscle weakness in her face that has been getting worse over the past 3 months.
She also states that as she chews, her jaws feel tired. Swallowing has also
become difficult. She reports episodes of double vision (diplopia), which seems
to occur after reading for a few minutes in the late evening. With certain
strenuous activities or after typing for long periods of time at work, she
reports problems with bilateral arm weakness.
Physical
Examination:
Notable
ptosis (drooping) of the eyelids after repeated blinking exercises. When asked
to smile, she appears to be snarling. Reflexes and sensation are normal in both
upper and lower extremities. There is considerable weakness of the arms noted
bilaterally after exercise.
Case
Questions:
1.
Is the patient's condition neurological, musculoskeletal, or both? Explain why
and support your thoughts with evidence-based literature. What would be a
possible neurologic or musculoskeletal condition causing the symptoms?
2.Explain
the pathophysiology behind the condition.
3.What
pharmacological agent(s) are commonly used to treat the disorder and how do the
agent(s) alter the pathophysiology of the condition?
4.What
would be your educational plan for the patient?
Question
2=
Parkinson's
disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The current treatment
options for the disorder have focused on symptom control. Research is now
focusing on developing ways to modify the disease progression and possibly
provide a cure. Investigate the current research on Parkinson's disease
treatments, including stem-cell research and the use of fetal tissue implants.
Share your thoughts on the evolving therapies. What are the current
controversies?
Week
8:
Question
1=
Share
a case study from your clinical practice or from the literature on an endocrine
disorder. Discuss the pathophysiology of the disorder, including the effects on
the endocrine feedback system, and the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
Identify the pharmacologic agent(s) used to treat the disorder and how the
pharmacologic agent(s) alters the pathophysiology.
Question
2=
Human
chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is currently being used as an aid to weight loss
in conjunction with an extremely restricted caloric intake of 500 calories per
day. Many people are buying the HCG through the Internet with no medical
surveillance. Research the HCG diet and share your thoughts on the efficacy,
safety, and validity of the diet. What strategies would you use to educate
patients on the diet?
Weekly Assignments
Week
2:
(Patient Educational
Flyer)
Design
a 1-2 page patient education flyer/pamphlet for an alternative medicine/herbal
product.
Describe
the product, its intended use, side effects, adverse reactions, and safety
issues (risks and benefits of using an alternative medication/herbal product
versus a prescription medication).
The
flyer should include at least two community and/or online resources for the
patient to obtain more information.
APA
format is not required, but solid academic writing is expected.
Week
3:
(Acid-Base Case
Study Paper)
Read
the "Resource 1: Case Study." Read below
Answer
the questions at the end of the case study in a paper of 750-1,000 words.
Prepare
this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide,
located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
This
assignment uses a rubric. Please review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment
to become familiar with the expectations for successful completion.
Case
Study =
A
22-year-old woman reports being “sick with the flu” for the past 8 days. She is
vomiting several times every day, having difficulty keeping liquids or food
down, and has been using more than the recommended dose of antacids in an
attempt to calm the nausea. She has become severely dehydrated. After fainting
at home, she was taken to a local hospital. An arterial blood gas sample was
drawn and then an IV was placed to help rehydrate her. The arterial blood gas
revealed the following:
Test Result Normal levels
pH 7.5 7.35 – 7.45
PaCO2 40 mm Hg 35-45 mm Hg
PaO2 95 mm Hg 80-100 mm Hg
SaO2 97% 95-100%
HCO3- 32 meq/liter 22-26 meq/liter
How
would you classify the patient’s acid-base disturbance and explain why?
Given
the case study, what are the possible factors causing this acid-base
disturbance? Explain the pathophysiology created by these factors.
How
would the renal and respiratory systems try to compensate for this acid-base
disturbance?
What
pharmacologic intervention is commonly used to correct this acid-base
disturbance? Describe the pharmacological actions.
Describe
the educational needs for this patient and what your approach will be.
Week
4:
(Patient
Interview Paper)
Interview
a patient with a chronic pulmonary health condition who is on at least two
medications.
In
a 1,350-1,600-word paper, discuss the following:
1.
Obtain a complete health history.
2.
Obtain a complete medication history, including prescription and
over-the-counter drugs or supplements.
3.
Analyze the client's current knowledge level of medications and compliance with
the prescribed dosing and administration.
4.
For each medication, identify the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, dose,
route of administration, side effects, adverse reactions, any drug
interactions, potential safety issues, and the impact on the client's health
status.
5. Formulate
possible interventions related to lack of drug efficacy, lack of client
knowledge, or client compliance issues as identified during the interview.
Prepare
this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide,
located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
Week
5:
(CLC - Staff In-Service Presentation
- Part 1) This is a group assignment. I will instruct the writer as to which
part I am assigned to do.
Develop
a PowerPoint presentation with complete speaker notes for a staff in-service on
the pathophysiology and pharmacologic agents for a select disease process. The
total maximum number of slides is 30 (Parts 1 and 2 combined). Your group may
determine how to divide the number of slides between Parts 1 and 2.
Each
CLC will choose one disease process to present from the following list with the
instructor's approval:
1.Alzheimer's
disease
2.Asthma
3.Diabetes
Type 2
4.Epilepsy
5.Gastroesophageal
reflux disease (GERD)
6.Hypertension
7.Hypothyroidism
8.Multiple
sclerosis
9.Peptic
ulcer disease
10.Tuberculosis.
Part
1 of the presentation will focus on the physiology and pathophysiology of the
disease, clinical manifestations, and evaluation (e.g., labs, imaging).
Refer
to the resource, "Creating Effective PowerPoint Presentations,"
located in the Student Success Center, for additional guidance on completing
this assignment in the appropriate style.
Week
6:
(Commercial
Critique Paper)
In
a 1,200-1,500-word paper:
1.Critique
a TV or radio commercial, an Internet advertisement, or a print advertisement
from a nonprofessional journal/magazine related to an FDA-regulated
prescription drug for a gastrointestinal disorder.
2.Critique
a TV or radio commercial, an Internet advertisement, or a print advertisement
from a nonprofessional journal/magazine related to a non-FDA-regulated
over-the-counter medication/herbal for a gastrointestinal (GI) disorder.
Include
a description of the pathophysiology of the GI disorder and how the
medication/herbal alters that pathophysiology.
Compare
and contrast the two commercials, including their stated use of
medication/herbal, patient safety issues, analysis of company claims for any
drug benefits. Substantiate your thoughts and ideas with evidence-based
research/articles.
Prepare
this assignment according to the APA guidelines found in the APA Style Guide,
located in the Student Success Center. An abstract is not required.
Week
8:
(CLC - Staff In-Service
Presentation - Part 2)
This
is a Collaborative Learning Community (CLC) assignment. This is a group
assignment. I will instruct the writer as to which part of the assignment I am
assigned.
Part
2 of the presentation will focus on the pharmacologic treatment of the disease,
including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug interactions, side effects,
adverse reactions, and application of the nursing process in monitoring the
drug therapy.
Part
2 will also include the development of a creative patient education tool for
the staff to use to assist in increasing patient knowledge of medications and
medication compliance.
The
total maximum number of slides is 30 (Parts 1 and 2 combined).
An
abstract is not required.
Part 2 Class Advanced
Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for Nurse Educators: Power Point for Staff
In-Service.
(Part 2 focuses on the
pharmacologic treatment of the Alzheimer’s disease)
Please include speaker notes with all slides and references
(journals preferably)!!!!
•
Focus on the pharmacologic
treatment of Alzheimer’s disease/ Drug Interactions, Side
Effects, Adverse Reactions (5-6 slides). Since it is 6 slides you
can do two slides for each underlined section.
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