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Hello
everyone,
What
are some examples of prejudice that reside in your community?
Welcome
to Module 8.
Define
stress and provide an example of the definition applied. What are three
things you can do in your life to reduce the negative impact of stress?
allied psy308 modules 1
Directions: Please compose
answers to the questions below. Each response to a question or
sub-question should be at least one paragraph in length, which should
consist of five to seven sentences.
1.
What does social psychology have in common with folk wisdom and
philosophy? How does social psychology differ from both folk wisdom and
philosophy?
2.
Compare the self-esteem approach and the social cognition approach in
terms of the motivations assumed to underlie human behavior.
3.
Based on your text's account of research on self-fulfilling prophecies,
explain why some children in a class might perform better than others
even if the children are all of similar ability levels.
4.
Few would disagree that human aggression is a very pressing social
problem that leads to violent criminal acts and that it is important to
understand the causes of aggression before we can intervene to reduce it.
How would a social psychologist approach this phenomenon? How would a
social psychologist's approach differ from the approach of a personality
psychologist or a sociologist?
5.
Suppose that in a restaurant, a waiter grows impatient with a customer,
rolls his eyes, taps his pencil impatiently on his order book, and
finally snaps, "I haven't got all day, you know." Compare and
contrast how a personality psychologist and a social psychologist would
attempt to explain such behavior.
6.
A developmental psychologist who used the correlational method found that
there was a positive correlation between children's self-esteem and their
academic achievement. First, what does a positive correlation mean in
this case? Second, how might these results be explained?
7.
"What is the relationship between viewing violence on the one hand
and behaving aggressively on the other hand?" How might an
observational researcher, a correlational researcher, and an experimental
researcher answer that question?
8.
Describe three different ways that experimental social psychologists can
enhance their faith in the external validity of their experiments.
Explain how social psychologists can increase the internal validity of
their experiments.
9.
According to the authors, cross-cultural research "...is not a
simple matter of traveling to another culture, translating materials into
the local language, and replicating the study there." What factors
make conducting cross-cultural research difficult?
10.
Dr. Julian conducts an experiment to test the hypothesis that when more
witnesses to a crime are present, any one witness is less likely to help
the victim. After providing a cover story, she randomly assigns
participants to witness a staged crime either alone, in the presence of
two other people, or in the presence of ten other people. Then, she
assesses how many people make an effort to help. Identify the independent
and dependent variables in this study.
allied
psy308 modules 2
Directions: Please compose
answers to the questions below. Each response to a question or
sub-question should be at least one paragraph in length, which should
consist of five to seven sentences.
1.
The authors of your text present information suggesting some of the
powers of the unconscious mind. Explain three ways that the unconscious
mind is a part of social cognition.
2.
Explain some of the differences in social cognition between East Asian
and Western cultures. Provide examples of these differences.
3.
The text discusses several instances where relying on automatic processes
can be fatal. Identify and discuss one instance where using controlled
processes could be detrimental.
4.
When are we most likely to use automatic processing, and when are we most
likely to use controlled processing?
5.
Your roommate is a case study in faulty and biased social thinking.
You've just read Chapter 3, and you notice his inappropriate use of
schemas and judgmental heuristics. How might you combat these troublesome
tendencies?
6.
The text describes the neurological basis of empathy: feeling the
emotions other people express. What are these neurological structures?
Describe the functions they serve.
7.
How have researchers collected evidence that there are six major human
emotions conveyed via facial expressions?
8.
In Heider's attribution theory, attributions are dichotomous—that is,
there are two possible attributions a person can make about another's
behavior. Describe both of these types of attributions, then provide an
example of each type of attribution one could make about why someone is
running late for a meeting.
9.
Describe the role of culture in the fundamental attribution error. How
prevalent is this error across cultures, and why do these differences
exist?
10.
Recall the cross-cultural differences in the self-serving bias between
Eastern and Western cultures. Describe the differences and provide an
example of how someone in China might attribute a failure compared to
someone from Canada.
mod
3
Directions: Please compose
answers to the questions below. Each response to a question or
sub-question should be at least one paragraph in length, which should
consist of five to seven sentences.
1.
Mary is planning to get married in the near future. Imagine Mary has an
independent view of herself. What would be some reasons she would give
for getting married, and how does this reflect an independent self? Now
imagine she has an interdependent view of herself. What would be some
reasons she would give for getting married then, and how does that
reflect her interdependent self?
2.
Sometimes when we become self-aware, we introspect about the reasons for
our attitudes or behaviors. What are some consequences of such
introspection?
3.
There is evidence that suggests that there are cultural differences in
how people view themselves. Describe, using an example, how people from
collectivist cultures tend to view themselves and how people from
individualist cultures tend to view themselves.
4.
When Linda was a child, her friends at school all earned a lot of money
if their grades were good. Linda went to her parents and asked that she
be given money for good report cards. Her parents agreed. She would earn
a nickel for every "A" and a dollar if she earned all "As."
Her friends, of course, were offered much more money for good grades.
Using the overjustification effect, explain why Linda's parents might
have offered her such meager monetary rewards for academic success.
5.
Describe what a fixed versus a growth mindset is. Which mindset is more
likely to lead to subsequent success after a failure experience? Why?
6.
Jessica thinks of herself as a health-conscious person. As she is eating
a steak one evening, she sees a news report that consuming red meat
increases the risk of breast cancer by over 50 percent. At this moment,
she is experiencing a large amount of cognitive dissonance. State the
three ways people can reduce dissonance and apply these techniques to
Jessica's dissonance; that is, give an example of each of the three dissonance
reduction techniques Jessica could use.
7.
Imagine you are about to take a very important exam that could impact
your future. A friend asks you how disappointed you think you would be if
you found out you did not perform very well on the exam. According to the
idea of impact bias, how would your prediction likely match up with your
actual reaction?
8.
Imagine you are watching a debate between two presidential candidates.
You prefer Candidate A and dislike Candidate B. Both candidates offer
strong arguments and weak arguments about Issue X. Which arguments would
you be most likely to remember? Which arguments would you be most likely
to forget? Is it likely that you would change your opinion after having
watched the debate? Why or why not?
9.
Carl and Roger both had similar attitudes about cheating on a partner.
However, both were faced with similar situations where they could have
cheated on their partners. Now, Carl thinks that cheating is the worst
offense one can make in a relationship, whereas Roger thinks that most
people would cheat if they were faced with the situation. Explain what
could have occurred, both socially and psychologically, that could
produce such diverse positions from individuals who initially shared a
similar stance.
10.
Engaging in self-justification strategies as a response to dissonance is
a process that can have negative consequences. Explain how
self-justification can be negative response and what one could do to
better learn from one's mistakes.
mod
4
PART I
Directions: Please compose
answers to the questions below. Each response to a question or
sub-question should be at least one paragraph in length, which should
consist of five to seven sentences.
1.
How can cognitive dissonance create attitude change? Why isn't it used on
a mass scale in advertising?
2.
Describe when people are more likely to use the central route to
persuasion and when they are more likely to use the peripheral route.
When people are using the central route, what will make an appeal more
persuasive? When they are using the peripheral route, what will make an
appeal more persuasive?
3.
Social psychologists have long observed that attitudes do not always
predict behaviors. When are attitudes most likely to predict spontaneous
behaviors?
4.
Discuss the kinds of effects that subliminal presentation of stimuli have
in the laboratory and what the implications are for real-world
applications such as subliminal advertising.
5.
According to the authors of your text, culture can play a role in both
how advertisements are designed and how they perpetuate stereotypes.
Explain how culture can play both of these roles in persuasion.
6.
According to the text, what are the three things that happen to
individuals who resist normative social influence?
7.
Explain how both informational conformity and normative conformity can
contribute to eating disorders in women.
8.
In a conversation before class, you find that you are the only person in
your group to favortuition
increases. The other five students with whom you are talking strongly
oppose tuition increases. What might you do to persuade them of your
point of view? What form of social influence would you rely on?
9.
Discuss the role of both informational and normative influence in Nazi
Germany and the Holocaust.
10.
The authors of your text describe two types of social norms. Identify and
describe these two types of norms. Then state which type of norm is more
effective in persuading people to conform.
PART II
Lab Assignment #1
In
this lab assignment, your goal is to survey the kinds of appeals being
used by advertising. First, pick either a particular medium (TV
commercials, magazine ads, direct mail, or Web advertisements) and/or a
particular product. You might do something like financial services ads in
business magazines, alcohol ads in men’s sports magazines, political ads
in whatever medium by the various Democratic and Republican candidates,
toy commercials on Saturday morning kids’ TV, or an analysis of junk mail
ads that arrived in your mailbox this week.
Your
goal is to find six ads and to compare them. Preferably you should look
for two sets of three ads each—ads that are generally similar but differ
along one dimension: for example, car ads in business magazines vs. car
ads in women’s magazines; toy commercials shown in the morning vs. those
shown in the afternoon; ads for medical products vs. ads for cosmetic
products (both taken from the New
York Times).
The
first step in comparing them should be to make a chart (see below).
The individual ads provide the rows for the chart. The columns provide
information about:
o
the product or service being offered
o
the intended audience for the appeal (both in terms of demographics and
in terms of being aimed towards an audience that is likely [because of
level of ability or motivation])
o
whether the ad makes more use of the central route, the peripheral route,
or equal use of both
o
the “source” of the appeal—especially focusing on the source’s appeal
(credibility? likability?)
o
the “message” (appealing to emotions or logic?)
Then
write a paper of at least five pages in length that briefly describes
each ad and spells out why you have categorized the audience, the source,
and message as you have, and that analyzes what principles of persuasion
are being appealed to. Is the ad getting the person to persuade him or
herself and/or to make a commitment? Is the ad relying on contrast
effects, such as distraction, scarcity, appeals to emotions (e.g., fear
or guilt)? In other words, given the intended recipients of the ad, how
is the advertiser trying to persuade them?
Summarize
this briefly for each ad. Then try to draw a conclusion about the types
of ads being used for that product/medium (e.g., Do alcohol ads in men’s
sports magazines all tend to rely on sex as the appeal)? Do ads for
medical products (e.g., antacids or headache remedies) rely more on the
central route than ads for perfumes or cosmetics? How do the ads placed
in a scholarly journal differ from ads placed in a news magazine? How do
ads shown during the evening news differ from ads shown during a
late-night entertainment program? Draw a conclusion appropriate to the
ads you have analyzed and relate your conclusion to the theories
discussed in this module.
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Ad
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Product or service being
offered
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Features of intended audience
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Route used (central,
peripheral, or both)
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Features of the source of the
appeal
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Features of the source of the
appeal
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Message delivered through
logic? Association? Emotion?
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You
will turn in the following:
o
completed chart.
o
completed essay (must be at least 5 pages in length).
Please
remember that iBoard allows you to upload multiple documents at a time.
Also remember to use proper APA formatting: Times New Roman, 12-point
font, and double-spaced.
mod
5
Directions: Please compose
answers to the questions below. Each response to a question or sub-question
should be at least one paragraph in length, which should consist of five
to seven sentences.
1.
There is a new student on campus who doesn't know anyone yet. Why would
you expect this student to join groups on campus (these could be groups
of friends, clubs, or teams)? Also, what kinds of students would you
expect in the composition of the groups this new student would join?
2.
Social facilitation and social loafing are two very different phenomena
that occur in the presence of other people. When does each occur and what
determines whether performance is enhanced or diminished?
3.
Compare the great person theory of leadership with Fred Fiedler's (1967,
1978) contingency theory of leadership. With which theory would a social
psychologist be most likely to agree?
4.
Describe the consequences of the "double bind" of conflicting
social role demands that can make it difficult for women to be successful
as leaders.
5.
You are having a conflict with your neighbor, because he has a tendency
to blast loud, annoying music at 5:00 a.m. while you are trying to sleep.
Your neighbor claims that he is doing this in retaliation for the loud
music you occasionally play at 1 a.m. How effective would it be to use
threats on your neighbor to resolve the problem? In communicating with
your neighbor, what would it be most important to promote in order to
resolve the conflict?
6.
A great deal of psychological research supports the folk wisdom that
"birds of a feather flock together," but there is little
empirical support for the folk wisdom that "opposites attract."
According to social psychologists, why do we tend to find people similar
to us attractive?
7.
Physical attractiveness can play an important role in attraction.
Describe the facial features that make someone more physically attractive
and how these vary (or are consistent) across cultures.
8.
The evolutionary theory of attraction is not universally accepted.
Describe some of the criticisms that have been offered against the
evolutionary theory of attraction.
9.
According to Elaine Hatfield (1988), how is companionate love different
from passionate love?
10.
Equity theory suggests that partners in a relationship tend to desire
equality in terms of what they are giving to and taking from a
relationship. Describe how equity occurs between acquaintances and how it
occurs between family members, close friends, or long-term romantic
relationships.
module
6
PART I
Directions: Please compose
answers to the questions below. Each response to a question or
sub-question should be at least one paragraph in length, which should
consist of five to seven sentences.
1.
Social psychologists have found that people in good moods are likely to
help, as are people in bad moods. Of course, the reasonsfor these
relations differ, depending on the mood. Explain.
2.
In a series of studies, Bibb Latané and John Darley discovered that the
greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that any
individual will help. Why is that?
3.
Folk wisdom might lead us to believe that recipients of help would (or
should) be appreciative of assistance. This is not always the case,
however. You see a fellow student struggling to send an e-mail message,
without success. He looks frustrated, and you want to help him out. What
can you do to ensure that he will be a grateful recipient of your help?
4.
Do men and women differ in their tendency to help? If so, how?
5.
It would seem reasonable to assume that people from interdependent
cultures—in which people feel more "connected" to others—would
be more likely to help than would people from individualistic cultures.
It is not quite so simple and straightforward as that, however. Explain.
6.
Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Sigmund Freud were all great
social thinkers who addressed the problem of human aggression. Compare
their views on this phenomenon. With whom would social psychologists be
most likely to agree?
7.
Although some animal researchers have successfully bred animals for
aggression, other researchers have found evidence that genetics are not
the whole story behind animal aggression. Explain.
8.
Are school shootings such as the Columbine massacre simply the result of
deranged individuals acting independently? What does social psychology
suggest about why school shootings occur and about how the problem might
be addressed?
9.
Explain the nature of the gender differences in aggression in humans.
10.
According to the frustration-aggression theory, frustration—the
perception that we are being prevented from reaching a goal—does not
always lead to aggression. What factors increase the odds that frustrated
people will aggress?
PART II
Lab Assignment #2
In
this lab assignment, you will be asked to analyze a particular category
of television: children’s programs (e.g., cartoons, educational shows,
etc.), news programs (e.g., World
News, Anderson
Cooper,
etc.), reality shows (Survivor, Amazing
Race,
etc.), sporting events (basketball, football, baseball, boxing, etc.), or
sitcoms (drama, comedy, etc.). You will be asked to do the following:
o
watch 30 minutes of 2 programs in the category you have chosen (e.g., if
you choose to analyze reality shows, then watch 2 different programs,
such as Survivor and Amazing
Race)
o
count each aggressive action that occurs during each program
o
code whether each act of aggression is physical or verbal aggression
o
note the sexes of the victim and perpetrator
o
state whether there was a weapon involved
o
state whether the aggression is somehow rewarded, punished, or has no
consequence for the perpetrator
During
analysis, you should ask yourself the following questions:
o
Are different types of aggression prominent during each type of program?
o
Which program is the most violent?
o
How frequently is aggression rewarded in some way?
o
How often is it punished?
o
What are the implications for watching these programs?
o
What is the audience learning from these programs?
o
Discuss ways to lower the amount of aggressive shows on TV and ways to
reduce/control aggression and violence.
You
will turn in the following:
o
A complete essay of two to three pages in length, which lists the
characteristics for each program, and answers all the questions asked
above.
Remember
to use proper APA formatting: Times New Roman, 12-point font, and
double-spaced.
mod
7
Directions: Please compose
answers to the questions below. Each response to a question or
sub-question should be at least one paragraph in length, which should
consist of five to seven sentences.
1.
How does group membership—even in minimal groups—contribute to prejudice
and discrimination?
2.
What is modern prejudice and how is it different from "old-fashioned
bigotry"? In what ways have normative pressures contributed to
modern prejudice?
3.
According to the authors, how does a belief in a just world (Lerner,
1980) contribute to blaming the victims of injustice?
4.
In what ways do self-fulfilling prophecies contribute to prejudice and
negative stereotypes?
5.
Describe how the jigsaw classroom technique fosters cooperation and
interdependence in the cooperative classroom.
6.
Provide an example of a social dilemma as it relates to the environment.
7.
Your text discusses the value of cooperation and working together to
solve the social dilemma of environmental problems. Yet, there are ways
to also use competition to improve the environment. Describe how
competition can be used to promote behaviors that would improve the
environment.
8.
Recall that Kurt Lewin (1947) asserted that the best way to ensure large,
widespread social change is to remove small barriers. How has this idea
been used to encourage recycling?
9.
Describe the three controllable things in a person's life that can lead
to greater happiness and explain why these things lead to greater
happiness.
10.
What is the role of money in determining how happy a person will be?
mod
8
Directions: Please compose
answers to the questions below. Each response to a question or
sub-question should be at least one paragraph in length, which should
consist of five to seven sentences.
1.
Contrast the assumptions used by Holmes and Rahe (1967) in their Life
Stress Inventory with the assumptions used by Richard Lazarus (1966) in
his approach to studying stress.
2.
Your text describes how principles of social psychology can be applied to
help with health problems. Describe how self-efficacy can be used to
prevent the spread of sexually transmitted infections.
3.
Describe what kinds of attributions are associated with the development
of learned helplessness.
4.
Describe the gender differences in coping styles. Discuss why such a
difference might exist and what the implications for health are.
5.
Given daily and even more major life stressors, explain how people tend
to respond.
6.
Our minds are not video cameras that objectively record and play back all
events we see and hear. One reason eyewitness information is often
unreliable is that one or more memory processes can be affected. What are
those three processes and what factors can bias them?
7.
How effective are polygraph tests and the use of "experts" in
detecting deception?
8.
How do jurors make sense of the large amount of information presented
during the trial? What are the implications for how jurors process
information for legal strategy?
9.
What is deterrence theory and what do scientific data suggest about the
deterrence value of severe punishment such as capital punishment?
10.
Describe two main reasons discussed in your text why people obey the law.
allied psy308 modules 1 check
your understandings latest 2015
Mod
1
Question
Points
1.
All of the following are examples of social influence, except _________
a.
when a bully intimidates another child on the school yard.
b.
when a child refrains from stealing ten dollars from his mother's purse
when he imagines her anger at him.
c.
when you cover your nose when you sneeze because you don't want to spread
germs.
d.
when you perceive the bathwater as hot when you first get in, but don't
notice the heat ten minutes later.
2.
A researcher hired by a department store wants to examine whether
manipulating the room temperature to be hotter as opposed to cooler
affects sales of air conditioners. The best method for answering this
question is:
a.
experimental.
b.
correlational.
c.
observational.
d.
archival analysis.
3.
Jeremy is in love with Carol and views her temper as an endearing example
of her "feistiness." Her coworkers, however, interpret Carol's
temper as rude and insensitive. The difference between Jeremy and the
coworkers illustrates the power of love to influence our:
a.
construals.
b.
behaviors.
c.
influence attempts.
d.
relationships.
4.
A hypothesis is most like a(n):
a.
brilliant insight.
b.
experiment.
c.
theory.
d.
hunch.
5.
Last weekend, Paula smiled politely while Lance talked to her for several
hours. Wow, thinks Lance to himself, she was so nice; Paula must really
like me—she was so friendly! Lance's interpretation of Paula's behavior
is an example of:
a.
a direct persuasion attempt.
b.
an indirect persuasion attempt.
c.
explicit values.
d.
construals.
6.
According to the authors of your text, the hindsight bias is:
a.
the tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could have predicted
an outcome after knowing that it occurred.
b.
the level of agreement between two or more people who independently
observe and code a set of data.
c.
a form of the observational method in which the researcher examines the
accumulated documents of a culture.
d.
the extent to which results of a study can be generalized to other
situations and to other people.
7.
In the introduction to Chapter 1, you read about a number of social
phenomena: cries for help were ignored by neighbors; a father and son
disagreed on the attractiveness of the same fraternity; and more than 800
people committed mass suicide in Jonestown, Guyana. What do these
examples have in common? They:
a.
defy explanation.
b.
describe socially deviant behavior.
c.
reveal the power of social influence.
d.
reflect the operation of deliberate persuasion attempts.
8.
In which of the following disciplines are students most likely—by virtue
of their experiences—to sigh, "Big deal. I could have predicted
that?"
a.
Particle physics
b.
Organic chemistry
c.
Social psychology
d.
Theoretical mathematics
9.
From across the room, J.T. sees his mother sigh, and he approaches to
give her a hug in the hopes of cheering her up. In this case, J.T.'s
behavior is an example of ________ social influence attempt.
a.
a direct
b.
an ineffective
c.
an indirect
d.
an unintended
10.
Although fields such as anthropology, sociology, and social psychology
are related, what distinguishes social psychology from the others?
a.
It uses rigorous scientific methods; the others do not.
b.
It examines how construal of social situations impact people's lives.
c.
It examines the human condition, whereas the others examine societal
issues.
d.
It examines social situations.
11.
The first stage in doing research is usually to __________.
a.
manipulate the independent variable
b.
make observations about the phenomenon of interest
c.
develop a coding form for the data
d.
formulate a hypothesis
12.
Which of the following is an example of a direct persuasion attempt?
a.
A bully threatens Billy and steals his lunch money.
b.
Ramona works hard in school to make her mother proud.
c.
Marianne thinks of her ex-boyfriend and becomes sad.
d.
Jason moves from New York to Atlanta and picks up a Southern accent.
13.
According to the authors of your text, which of the following most
accurately describes how scientific insights are gained?
a.
Through sudden brilliant insights
b.
When a solution to a social problem flashes into a researcher's mind
c.
By reading previous research on a topic
d.
As a cumulative process wherein researchers generate hypotheses after
reading others' work
14.
Complete the analogy: hindsight bias: __________ :: hypothesis:
__________.
a.
prediction; educated guess
b.
explanation; common sense
c.
common sense; logical analysis
d.
retrospection; prediction
15.
A researcher wants to examine whether teachers show any bias in calling
on male students over female students. The best method for answering this
question is:
a.
experimental.
b.
correlational.
c.
observational.
d.
archival analysis.
16.
A researcher wants to see if there is a relationship between a person's
birth order and his or her leadership ability. The best method for
answering this question is:
a.
experimental.
b.
correlational.
c.
observational.
d.
archival analysis.
17.
Which of the following is an example of social influence?
a.
You feel guilty because you lied to your trusting professor about your
assignment.
b.
When you get hungry, you have trouble concentrating.
c.
You didn't do well on the test because you stayed up all night cramming.
d.
You almost fall asleep at the wheel, so you pull off the road to take a
short nap.
18.
The word "construal" refers to:
a.
objective reality.
b.
information provided by other people.
c.
imagined events.
d.
personal interpretations.
19.
Not all social influence is direct or deliberate. Which of the following
is the best example of more indirect or subtle social influence?
a.
An advertising campaign is launched to promote a new soft drink.
b.
A senatorial candidate delivers a speech to convince voters that she is
not really liberal.
c.
A parent disciplines his child by taking away her favorite toy.
d.
A child sees other kids wearing their sweatshirts inside out and starts
wearing his the same way.
20.
If a scientist believes that another person's theory is wrong, the best
approach for that scientist to take is to:
a.
write an essay explaining why the other theory is wrong.
b.
ignore the other's research because it is irrelevant to the scientist's
theory.
c.
design a study making specific predictions to test the alternate
explanation.
d.
work in another country.
allied psy308 modules 2 check
your understandings latest 2015
Mod
2
Question
Points
1.
Mirror neurons are activated __________ when we see someone express
emotion.
a.
using controlled processes
b.
after conscious deliberation
c.
automatically
d.
effortfully
Hint:
pp. 84-85
SLO3:Describe
social perception.
LO3B:Describe
the function of mirror neurons
1
2.
__________ are the cognitive structures we use to organize our knowledge
of the social world.
a.
Heuristics
b.
Schemas
c.
Cognitive filters
d.
Counterfactuals
Hint:
p. 53
SLO2:Define
social cognition.
LO2C:Describe
schemas
1
3.
Parents seldom spend a lot of time explaining to their children how to
ride a bicycle. Instead, they often get a bike with training wheels and
let the children learn for themselves how to ride a bike. This is because
our understanding about how to ride a bicycle is based on:
a.
automatic processing that is difficult to describe to someone else.
b.
controlled processing that can only be learned by experience.
c.
intuition that is difficult to express in language that a child can understand.
d.
personal experience that is not likely to be believed by the child.
Hint:
p. 52
SLO2:Define
social cognition.
LO2B:Distinguish
between automatic processing and controlled processing
1
4.
Your textbook cites the example of the Amadou Diallo case as an example
of automatic processing. How does this case show how automatic processing
can lead to errors?
a.
Police shot Diallo as he was pulling a weapon from his pocket but killed
him unnecessarily.
b.
Police shot Diallo as he was pulling a wallet from his pocket because
they thought he was reaching for a gun.
c.
Diallo shot the police and then was killed by them because he believed
they would kill him.
d.
Diallo mistook the American police for the police of his native West
Africa and spoke to them in his native tongue.
Hint:
p. 52
SLO2:Define
social cognition.
LO2B:Distinguish
between automatic processing and controlled processing
1
5.
All of the following are nonverbal behaviors, except:
a.
spoken words.
b.
tone of voice.
c.
facial expressions.
d.
touch.
Hint:
p. 89
SLO16:Explain
Darwin's theory of universal facial expressions of emotion.
LO16A:Identify
the different channels of nonverbal communication
1
6.
Mirror neurons are brain cells that respond when we perform actions and
when:
a.
we are recognizing ourselves in the mirror.
b.
we feel anger towards others.
c.
we see someone else perform the same action.
d.
we create mirror images of complex drawings.
Hint:
p. 84
SLO3:Describe
social perception.
LO3B:Describe
the function of mirror neurons
1
7.
According to the authors of your text, humans are able to communicate
nonverbally, as are:
a.
dogs.
b.
turtles.
c.
rabbits.
d.
horses.
Hint:
p. 84
SLO3:Describe
social perception.
LO3A:Define
social perception
1
8.
If a scientist were to examine an fMRI and see that the mirror neurons
were active, what would she be unable to distinguish in that person's
mental processes?
a.
Whether the person was looking in a mirror or at a photo of him or
herself
b.
Whether they were looking at a mirror image or true copy of a photograph
c.
Whether the person was using their left or right eye to view a face
d.
Whether the person was feeling sadness or seeing someone else experience
sadness
Hint:
p. 85
SLO3:Describe
social perception.
LO3B:Describe
the function of mirror neurons
1
9.
Automatic thinking tends to be all of the following, except:
a.
nonconscious.
b.
effortless.
c.
voluntary.
d.
unintentional.
Hint:
p. 52
SLO2:Define
social cognition.
LO2B:Distinguish
between automatic processing and controlled processing
1
10.
Christopher is considering breaking up with his high-school sweetheart.
He spends many hours weighing the benefits and drawbacks. He asks his
friends for advice, and he thinks about it further before coming to his
decision. In this case, Christopher is using:
a.
automatic processing.
b.
the representativeness heuristic.
c.
controlled thinking.
d.
self-fulfilling prophecies.
Hint:
p. 73
SLO2:Define
social cognition.
LO2B:Distinguish
between automatic processing and controlled processing
1
11.
Recall that Paul Ekman and Walter Friesen (1971) have demonstrated that
Fore tribespeople from a preliterate culture in New Guinea were able to
decode facial expressions of Westerners and encode emotion easily
interpretable by Westerners. Their findings suggest that Darwin was:
a.
right—facial expressions are species specific.
b.
wrong—facial expressions are culture specific.
c.
right—facial expressions are culture specific.
d.
wrong—facial expressions are universal among humans.
Hint:
pp. 86-87
SLO16:Explain
Darwin's theory of universal facial expressions of emotion.
LO16B:Explain
Darwin's theory of universal expressions of emotion
1
12.
New professors often have to concentrate very hard to give a lecture and
monitor themselves carefully to make sure they're not talking too fast
and that they are using appropriate and clear examples. More seasoned
professors don't have to concentrate as much and can talk clearly and
engagingly and keep an eye on students all at the same time. This example
represents the transition from ________ processing to ________ processing
as professors gain experience.
a.
automatic; controlled
b.
unconscious; conscious
c.
controlled; automatic
d.
random; systematic
Hint:
p. 52
SLO2:Define
social cognition.
LO2B:Distinguish
between automatic processing and controlled processing
1
13.
Sarah sees that her friend is crying and then herself feels sadness. What
is the neurological structure involved?
a.
Empathic neurons
b.
Mirror neurons
c.
Serotonin
d.
The amygdala
Hint:
pp. 84-85
SLO3:Describe
social perception.
LO3B:Describe
the function of mirror neurons
1
14.
The way that automatic and controlled processing tend to work together
can be best compared to a:
a.
computer graphics system that relies on both bitmap (pixel by pixel) and
vector (mathematically generated line) images.
b.
modern jet system that can fly on automatic pilot but also has a manual
override.
c.
car that can drive in either four-wheel or two-wheel drive.
d.
deciduous tree that has leaves in spring through fall but is bare in the
winter.
Hint:
p. 70
SLO2:Define
social cognition.
LO2B:Distinguish
between automatic processing and controlled processing
1
15.
The cases of Amadou Diallo and Sean Bell, who were innocent
African-American men shot by police officers, illustrates the point that:
a.
racism is a universal phenomenon.
b.
police officers often look for an excuse to fire their weapons.
c.
quick social judgments are not always accurate.
d.
automatic processes are accurate.
Hint:
p. 52
SLO2:Define
social cognition.
LO2B:Distinguish
between automatic processing and controlled processing
1
16.
In the Amadou Diallo case, the police apparently acted:
a.
without consciously considering whether their assumptions were correct.
b.
with malice aforethought.
c.
in a deliberate and considered manner after a systematic analysis of the
situation.
d.
to create a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Hint:
p. 52
SLO2:Define
social cognition.
LO2B:Distinguish
between automatic processing and controlled processing
1
17.
Psychologists distinguish between two types of cognitive processing.
__________ processing is nonconscious and unintentional, whereas
__________ processing is conscious and intentional.
a.
Accurate; inaccurate
b.
Automatic; controlled
c.
Inefficient; efficient
d.
Controlled; automatic
Hint:
p. 52
SLO2:Define
social cognition.
LO2B:Distinguish
between automatic processing and controlled processing
1
18.
__________ is defined as how we form impressions of and make inferences
about other people.
a.
Attribution theory
b.
Social perception
c.
Social inference
d.
Social encoding
Hint:
p. 84
SLO3:Describe
social perception.
LO3A:Define
social perception
1
19.
Which of the following is not an example of automatic thinking?
a.
Forming a first impression of someone within seconds of meeting him or
her
b.
Conducting a search on the internet
c.
Having a sense of whether an object is near or far from us
d.
Driving down the highway while also carrying on a conversation
Hint:
p. 73
SLO2:Define
social cognition.
LO2B:Distinguish
between automatic processing and controlled processing
1
20.
Express is to __________ as interpret is to __________.
a.
encode; decode
b.
decode; encode
c.
encode; emit
d.
emit; encode
allied psy308 modules 3 check
your understandings latest 2015
Mod
3
Question
Points
1.
Women tend to have more __________ interdependence, and men tend to have
more ___________ interdependence.
a.
relational; collective
b.
relational; autonomous
c.
collective; autonomous
d.
collective; relational
2.
Consider the following self-description: "I have blue eyes and brown
hair. I have two sisters. I hate vegetables, but I love ice cream."
Such a self-description was most likely provided by the typical:
a.
two-year-old child.
b.
eight-year-old child.
c.
adult.
d.
high school student.
3.
Assume that when exposed to a mirror, chimpanzees will use the mirror to
aid in grooming (e.g., to pick food from their teeth) and to entertain
themselves by making faces. The chimps' behavior before the mirror would
suggest that:
a.
mammals have a sense of self.
b.
many animals are curious and social.
c.
like humans, mammals are self-aware.
d.
these great apes have a sense of "self."
4.
The authors of your text explain four functions of the self. Which of the
following is not one of these four functions?
a.
Self-control
b.
Self-presentation
c.
Self-esteem
d.
Self-justification
5.
"Live fast and die young, that's what I always say," Rosie
pronounces, as she stuffs down three more Ding-Dong snack cakes and opens
another pint of high-fat ice cream. Rosie knows that her diet is
unhealthy and harmful, of course. To reduce her dissonance, Rosie is:
a.
changing her behavior to bring it in line with her cognitions.
b.
changing a problem cognition to make it more consonant with her behavior.
c.
adding a cognition that is consonant with her problem behavior.
d.
engaging in self-affirmation to combat cognitive dissonance.
6.
The self-concept refers to the:
a.
content of the self.
b.
act of thinking about ourselves.
c.
tendency for people to remember information about themselves better than
about others.
d.
evaluation of one's personal worth.
7.
Psychologists who have studied the development of self-concept over the
lifespan have found that the self-concept starts out __________ and
gradually becomes __________ with increasing age.
a.
extremely positive; more realistic
b.
concrete; more abstract and complex
c.
extremely negative; more positive
d.
individually focused; socially focused
8.
Cognitive dissonance always:
a.
leads to a change in behavior.
b.
produces discomfort.
c.
leads to the rationalization trap.
d.
makes people produce new cognitions.
9.
Hai has been taking expensive beta-carotene supplements for years because
he believes they will reduce his risk of cancer. Hai has just learned
that a well-controlled study published in the prestigious New England
Journal of Medicine showed that beta-carotene supplements do not reduce
cancer risk. Hai is probably experiencing:
a.
cognitive dissonance.
b.
self-affirmation.
c.
the rationalization trap.
d.
self-discrepancy.
10.
Susan carefully rinses her mouth with an unpleasant-tasting mouthwash
every day. One day, Susan reads an article reporting credible dental
research that suggests that mouthwash is completely ineffective and that
mouthwash may even be related to tooth decay. The discomfort that Susan
experiences in response to this article is called:
a.
insufficient justification.
b.
cognitive dissonance.
c.
self-discrepancy.
d.
self-justification.
11.
Jake and Martin are standing at the counter of the convenience store, and
Jake—who has just failed his psychology exam—is animatedly telling Martin
that the exam was unfair and that his professor is unreasonable. As he
takes his change, Jake sees his image on the security camera. This causes
him to wonder whether he actually studied enough for the exam. Jake's
self-scrutiny in this situation would be predicted by:
a.
self-awareness theory.
b.
self-perception theory.
c.
self-esteem theory.
d.
self-verification theory.
12.
Research has revealed that not all inconsistent cognitions are equally upsetting.
Those inconsistencies that are most powerful and upsetting involve:
a.
a threat to one's self-esteem.
b.
inconsistencies between experiences and expectations.
c.
inconsistencies among powerful attitudes.
d.
the validation of one's negative self-image.
13.
Molly is eighteen years old and has an eight-year-old brother, Joe. If
they are both asked to answer the question, "Who am I?" Molly
is likely to answer the question in __________ terms than Joe.
a.
more concrete
b.
less concrete
c.
more physical
d.
less abstract
14.
There are some striking gender differences in men's and women's views of
the interdependent self. The authors note that such gender differences
are:
a.
only true in Japan.
b.
attributed to biological differences between men and women.
c.
far fewer than are similarities between men and women.
d.
only found in adults, never children.
15.
Members of the Heaven's Gate cult, who "knew" there was a
spaceship following the Hale-Bopp comet, returned a perfectly good
telescope they had purchased because they failed to see the spaceship
they knew was there. Such behaviors demonstrate that:
a.
cult leaders go to great lengths to brainwash their members.
b.
people will often go to extreme lengths to justify their actions or
beliefs.
c.
pleasant, smart, reasonable people are seldom drawn to cults.
d.
scientists, like many of us, are fascinated with the macabre, gruesome
aspects of life.
16.
Individuals are most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance by:
a.
pretending they did not perform a particular behavior.
b.
reducing their total number of cognitions.
c.
adding new cognitions that are consistent with their behavior.
d.
decreasing their arousal.
17.
According to the textbook, research on the development of the
self-concept using the "red dot" test (placing a red dot on the
forehead of the child and then showing the child his or her reflection in
the mirror and seeing whether the child touches the red dot on the
"baby in the mirror" or his or her own head) indicates that the
self-concept in human infants develops at, on average, age __________.
a.
six months
b.
one year
c.
eighteen months
d.
two years
18.
Not all attempts to reduce cognitive dissonance are counterproductive.
For example, Shelley Taylor and her colleagues (1989, 1995, 1996) have found
that:
a.
people who harbor unrealistic illusions about surviving terminal illness
can actually live longer.
b.
smokers who reduce cognitive dissonance by changing one of their
inconsistent cognitions are often able to quit.
c.
inconsistent cognitions can actually cause people to engage in safe sex
practices.
d.
people who hold self-serving cognitions seldom experience cognitive
dissonance.
19.
You've recently learned that eating avocados, which you love, is bad for
your health. To reduce the dissonance you experience after reading this
news, you would most likely:
a.
question the validity of the research and the integrity of the
scientists.
b.
consume a larger quantity of avocados.
c.
tell all of your friends about the findings.
d.
reread the article more carefully.
20.
George thinks of himself as an honest person until his brother reminds
him that he's been known to keep extra change given to him by a cashier
and to stock his home office for a sideline business with supplies taken
from his job. George is now probably feeling a sense of discomfort known
as:
a.
misattribution of arousal.
b.
self-serving bias.
c.
cognitive dissonance
d.
anxiety.
allied psy308 modules 4 check
your understandings latest 2015
Mod
4
Question
Points
1.
Abraham Tesser (1993) suggests—based on studies of twins—that some
attitudes are linked to:
a.
parental discipline.
b.
peer group and sibling influence.
c.
genetic influences.
d.
the amount of television people watch.
2.
Informational social influence occurs because:
a.
individuals have a need to belong and be liked.
b.
social norms encourage cooperation.
c.
others' behaviors serve as cues in ambiguous situations.
d.
others can reward or punish us for nonconformity.
1
3.
When we conform to others' behaviors or attitudes because we believe that
their interpretations of an ambiguous situation are more accurate than
ours, __________ has occurred.
a.
educated conformity
b.
normative social influence
c.
unintended social influence
d.
informational social influence
4.
Recent evidence provided by the authors of your text suggests that
attitudes are linked to:
a.
attachment style.
b.
parenting style.
c.
genes.
d.
birth order.
5.
According to the authors of your text, what is the most plausible
explanation as to why the U.S. soldiers followed their lieutenant's
orders to massacre the citizens of the peaceful village of My Lai during
the Vietnam War?
a.
They were conforming in a confusing situation.
b.
They were bloodthirsty assassins.
c.
Soldiers tend to be more aggressive than the average person.
d.
They were expressing implicit prejudice.
6.
According to the authors, what originally spurred the development of
advertising for cigarettes and other products was:
a.
the development of the ability to mass-produce products.
b.
the development of new forms of media.
c.
the growing desire of the public for information about the product.
d.
the development of the entertainment industry.
7.
The three parts that form our evaluations of attitude objects are:
a.
affective, cognitive, and evaluative.
b.
cognitive, behavioral, and evaluative.
c.
affective, behavioral, and cognitive.
d.
affective, behavioral, and evaluative.
8.
According to the authors of your text, why are attitudes important?
a.
They determine what we do.
b.
They are a crucial part of the self.
c.
They are key to eliminating prejudice.
d.
They are malleable in different situations.
9.
Dotty is out weeding her petunias when she sees a garden snake. She feels
fear and jumps up and runs back to the house, all the while thinking,
"I know that garden snakes are not dangerous." This example
illustrates an inconsistency between the __________ component of
attitudes and the __________ components.
a.
affective; behavioral and cognitive
b.
behavioral; affective and cognitive
c.
cognitive; affective and behavioral
d.
There is no inconsistency between the components.
10.
The authors of your text describe a series of horrific telephone hoaxes
in which managers of restaurants were told by the caller to do
humiliating things to an employee. In general, the people who were
receiving these orders from the caller responded by:
a.
immediately reporting the incident to the police.
b.
following the orders for some time before realizing it was a rotten
trick.
c.
ignoring the caller and going back to work.
d.
asking for identification from the caller, then hanging up on him.
11.
In ambiguous situations, we sometimes fall prey to the influence of
others' attitudes or behaviors and bring our own attitudes or behaviors
into line with theirs. This type of conformity arises from:
a.
normative social influence.
b.
voluntary obedience.
c.
unintentional social influence.
d.
informational social influence.
12.
People tend to evaluate what they see in the world:
a.
rarely.
b.
only when motivated.
c.
only when they are not distracted or cognitively busy.
d.
constantly.
13.
Around the turn of the century, cigarette advertisers began to appeal to
women as a new market for their product. They did this by making the
connection between smoking and:
a.
weight loss.
b.
sophistication and glamour.
c.
women's liberation.
d.
All of the choices apply.
14.
The __________ component of attitudes is to emotional reactions as the
__________ component is to knowledge and beliefs.
a.
evaluative; behavioral
b.
affective; behavioral
c.
evaluative; cognitive
d.
affective; cognitive
15.
The observable actions toward an attitude object illustrate the
__________ component of attitudes.
a.
cognitive
b.
affective
c.
positive
d.
behavioral
16.
The authors of your text describe a series of horrible telephone hoaxes
that were done a few years ago in which a caller falsely identified
himself as a police officer and had restaurant managers perform
unnecessary strip searches and other degrading acts on subordinates. The
fact that the managers he called actually did what he instructed them to
do illustrates that people very readily:
a.
give up personal freedoms in this post-9/11 world.
b.
follow their stereotypes.
c.
will obey someone they think is in authority.
d.
seek opportunities to exploit those with less power.
17.
The United States has celebrated independence and rugged individualism
from the time of its inception. This suggests that American attitudes
toward conformity are:
a.
generally positive.
b.
situation-specific.
c.
generally negative.
d.
interdependent.
18.
According to your text, our construals of the concept
"conformity" are shaped by:
a.
personality differences.
b.
social psychologists.
c.
our cultural self-image.
d.
situational pressures.
19.
The authors of your text suggest that there are two major motivations for
people to conform:
a.
not knowing what to do in a confusing situation and wishing to avoid
ridicule and rejection.
b.
not knowing what to do in a confusing situation and seeking clear
direction from an authority figure.
c.
wishing to avoid ridicule and rejection and hoping to attain power.
d.
not knowing what to do in a confusing situation and hoping to attain
power.
1
20.
Victor goes to a fancy French restaurant. There are utensils on the table
that he's never even seen before and more spoons and forks than he's ever
seen on one table. Eager to dine in an appropriate and sophisticated way,
Victor secretly watches other diners to see what they do. This is an
example of:
a.
normative social influence.
b.
situational interdependence.
c.
informational social influence.
d.
normative conformity.
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